Combination Product For The Prevention Of Sexually Transmitted Infections

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are compositions for inhibiting transmission of a sexually transmitted infection that contain one or more polyanionic microbicides, such as carrageenans, including lambda carrageenan, as well as water-soluble metal salts and specified lectins. Also disclosed are methods for making and using the compositions.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/932,706 filed Jan. 28, 2014, thedisclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There is a worldwide unmet need for technologies that simultaneouslyprotect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexuallytransmitted infections (STIs). Microbicides that concurrently protectagainst HIV and other STIs would address these health risks in anacceptable and affordable manner, and make a major contribution topublic health globally. Also, a microbicide that has indications againstSTIs other than HIV may make use of such microbicide more acceptable tothose not as concerned about HIV and thereby increase acceptability andadherence.

Unfortunately, previous studies with single active pharmaceuticalingredients (APIs) with broad anti-viral activity and ability to blockdifferent STIs in vitro or in vivo have not shown efficacy in clinicaltrials. The reasons for such lack of efficacy in clinical trials areunknown, but may be due to a variety of reasons, including e.g., lowpotency, short window of protection, reduction of activity in thepresence of biological fluids, or induction of mucosal and microflorachanges. Romano, J. W., et al., Non-specific microbicide productdevelopment: then and now. Current HIV research, 2012. 10(1): p. 9-18.Thus, there is a continuing need to identify more potent and safe APIswhich may be used alone or in combination for microbicidal use.

Compounds with known in vivo microbicidal activity include thecarrageenans. Carrageenans are polysaccharides which may be obtainedfrom the red algae commonly known as seaweed. They are a structuralcomponent of seaweed and are extracted as three main types, namely iota,kappa and lambda, although there are other types as well, includingkappa-II, mu and nu carrageenans. Carrageenans have been usedextensively in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries asthickeners, gelling agents, and stabilizing and dispersing agents.Extensive pharmacological and toxicological studies have been conducted.Carrageenan has been found to be non-toxic by oral, dermal, andinhalation routes of administrations even at extremely high doses. Thecarrageenans were therefore classified as “generally recognized as safe”(GRAS) by the FDA in 1972. Food and Drug Administration. GRAS (Generallyrecognized as safe) food ingredients: Carrageenan. FDA PublicationsPB-221 206, (1972).

Further extensive oral pharmacokinetic studies conducted in pigs, rats,mice, gerbils, guinea pigs, ferrets, hamsters, dogs, and monkeys showedthat the breakdown of the carrageenans in the gastrointestinal tract wasminimal at best and that absorption was virtually non-existent. Benitz,K. F., et al., Toxicol. Appi. Pharmacol. 22, 282 (1972); Fox, M. R. S. &Jacobs, R. M. Metal Ions in Biological Systems., pp. 214-248 (MarcelDecker, Inc., 1986); Luscombe, D. K. & Nicholls, P. J. Fd. Cosmet.Toxicol. 11, 229-237 (1973); Naess, B. Acta Vet. Scand. 12, 592-600.1971; Samman, S. & Roberts, D. C. K., Med. J. Australia 146, 246-249(1987); U.S.EPA. Health Effects Assessment of for Zinc (and Compounds).EPA/540-1-96-048. 1984. Washington, D.C., US Environmental ProtectionAgency, Office of Research and Development; Walden, J. T. & Derreth, D.FDA New Release 72/55. FDA Publications 72/55, (1972); Walker, A. P. etal. Fd. Chem. Toxic. 35, 1099-1106 (1997); Weiner, M. L. Intestinaltransport of some macromolecules in food. Fd. Chem. Toxic. 26, 10,867-880 (1988).

International Patent Publication WO 94/15624 teaches use of sulfatedpolysaccharides such as iota carrageenan, dextran sulfate, kappacarrageenan, lambda carrageenan, heparin mimetics, heparin sulfate,pentosan polysulfate, chondrotin sulfate, lentinan sulfate, curdlansulfate, de-N-sulfated heparin and fucoidan, to inhibit cell-to-celltransmission of HIV and thus the sexual transmission of Acquired ImmuneDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), as well as Chlamydia organism. Thispublication teaches that iota carrageenan is the most efficacious of thecommercially available sulfated carrageenans in preventing HIV infectionand in blocking Chlamydia infection in vitro and in vivo.

Zinc is another known inhibitor of such sexually transmitted pathogensas HIV and Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). Zinc acetate (ZA) and zincsulfate have been shown to inhibit HIV infection in cell culture, andHSV-2 in both cell culture and laboratory animals. Zinc salts have beenshown to be effective in blocking infection by HIV in vitro (Haraguchi,Y., et al. Antiviral Res 43, 123-133 (1999)) and also blocking infectionby foot-and-mouth virus, human rhinovirus, influenza A and B, semlikiforest virus and sindbis virus. Sergio, W. Medical Hypotheses 26, 253(1988). Haraguchi, et al. found that zinc chloride, cadmium acetate andmercury chloride inhibited HIV-1 production as assayed by p24 ELISA andRT. Zinc chloride did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity when presentin concentrations of up to 550 μg/mL.

Lectins are carbohydrate binding proteins which may have roles in theimmune system by binding to carbohydrates present on invading pathogens.The lectin known as Griffithsin (GFRT or G) has been reported to havepotent anti-HIV activity, and can block HIV replication in vitro atsubnanomolar concentrations (IC₅₀ values 0.02 to 0.8 nM). See Alexandre,K. B., et al., Virology, 2012. 423(2): p. 175-86; Huskens, D. and D.Schols, Marine Drugs, 2012, 10(7): p. 1476-97; Mori, T., et al., TheJournal of biological chemistry, 2005. 280(10): p. 9345-53; and alsoU.S. Pat. No. 8,088,729, the contents of all of which are incorporatedby reference herein in their entirety.

Griffithsin can be produced in multigram quantities in tobacco plants.O'Keefe, B. R., et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciencesof the United States of America, 2009. 106(15): p. 6099-104. Notably,GRFT resists degradation by several proteases, is highly stable even athigh temperatures, is non-irritating, does not induce cellularactivation, and induces only minimal changes in secretion ofinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by blood or epithelial cells.O'Keefe, B. R., et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciencesof the United States of America, 2009. 106(15): p. 6099-104;

Kouokam, J. C., et al., PloS one, 2011. 6(8): p. e22635; Moncla, B. J.,et al., Advances in bioscience and biotechnology, 2011. 2(6): p.404-408.

Griffithsin has shown excellent safety and efficacy against HIV inexplant models, and modified forms of GRFT have been reported as havingimproved potency, stability, and solubility. O'Keefe, B. R., et al.,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica, 2009. 106(15): p. 6099-104. GRFT also has been shown to have invivo activity against HSV-2. Nixon, B., et al., Journal of virology,2013. 87(11): p. 6257-69.

Applicants have previously reported that a complex between awater-soluble metal salt and carrageenans can provide anti-microbialeffects. The water-soluble metal salt can be a zinc metal, and in aparticular embodiment, a combination of zinc acetate (ZA) formulated ina carrageenan gel has been shown to be active against HIV, HSV-2, humanpapillomavirus (HPV), and T. vaginalis. Fernandez-Romero, J. A., et al.,Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2012. 56(1): p. 358-68; Kenney,J., et al., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2013. 57(8): p.4001-9. See also, U.S. Pat. No. 8,567,098 the entire contents of whichare incorporated by reference herein. Notwithstanding, the need foradditional broad spectrum, more potent microbicides which can protectagainst HIV and/or other STIs still exists.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Applicants have discovered that microbicidal compositions with broad andextremely potent activity may be produced by combining lectins with awater-soluble metal salt and/or carrageenans. Accordingly, in a firstaspect the present invention is directed to an antimicrobial compositioncomprising an effective amount of an antimicrobial agent comprising oneor more lectins and one or more additional antimicrobial agents selectedfrom the group consisting of a physiologically acceptable water solublemetal salt, carrageenan, or other polymers like dendrimers, cellulose,cellulose analogues, cellulose derivatives, and combinations thereof.

In a particular embodiment the composition comprises one or more lectinsin combination with a zinc metal salt (Z) and/or a carrageenan (C). Inparticular embodiments, the antimicrobial compositions of the presentinvention can comprise the lectin Griffithsin in combination with a zincmetal salt (GZ); or may comprise Griffithsin in combination withcarrageenans (GC); or may comprise Griffithsin in combination with azinc metal salt and carrageenans (GZC). In various particularembodiments the zinc metal salt is zinc acetate (ZA) and/or thecarrageenan.

In additional embodiments, the compositions of the invention may be inany physical form suitable for delivery of the antimicrobial agents,including as a gel, or in solution, or as a solid, or in dried orpowdered forms.

In a related aspect, the present invention is directed to a sexuallytransmitted infection (STI) inhibiting composition comprising anantimicrobial composition of the present invention. As contemplatedherein, the composition may prevent vaginal or rectal transmission ofSTIs, and is formulated accordingly.

The compositions of the present invention may further include one ormore additional antimicrobial agent, and/or a drug, including but notlimited to a vaginally or rectally administrable drug, to provide acomposition which may be administered to a subject to treat or preventone or more conditions as a multipurpose prevention technology.

It is understood herein that prevention of other conditions in additionto microbial infections are envisioned herein. For example, in aparticular embodiment, the compositions may comprise one or moreanti-microbial agents and may further comprise a hormonal ornon-hormonal anti-contraceptive agent to prevent unintended pregnancy,or may include an agent for hormone replacement therapy.

As contemplated herein, in a further aspect the compositions of thepresent invention may be pharmaceutical compositions and thus furthercomprise one or more antimicrobial agents or drugs disclosed herein inaddition to one or more pharmaceutically acceptable agents orexcipients. In a particular embodiment, the composition is formulated asan over-the-counter pharmaceutical composition. In a particularembodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable agent or excipient is aphysiologically acceptable pH controlling agent and/or a physiologicallyacceptable preservative. In another embodiment, the pharmaceuticallyacceptable agent or excipient facilitates delivery of the pharmaceuticalcomposition to a subject in need thereof. In particular embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition is formulated in a dosage form suitable forvaginal and/or rectal administration.

In a further aspect, the invention is directed to methods of inhibitingmicrobial infection in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering to the subject an effective amount of an anti-microbialcomposition of the present invention. Thus, in one embodiment, themethod comprises administering an anti-microbial composition comprisingan effective amount of GRFT and carrageenan to a subject in need thereofin order to inhibit infection by HPV.

In another embodiment, the method comprises administering ananti-microbial composition comprising an effective amount of GRFT and azinc metal salt to a subject in need thereof in order to inhibitinfection by HIV. In a particular embodiment the zinc metal salt is ZA.

In another embodiment, the method comprises administering ananti-microbial composition comprising an effective amount of GRFT,carrageenan, and a zinc metal salt to a subject in need thereof in orderto inhibit infection by HSV-2.

In another embodiment, the method comprises administering ananti-microbial composition comprising an effective amount of GRFT,Carrageenan, and a zinc metal salt to a subject in need thereof in orderto inhibit infection by one or more of HIV, HSV-2, HPV, and othersexually transmitted infections (STIs).

In a further embodiment, the method comprises administering ananti-microbial composition comprising an effective amount of GRFT to asubject in need thereof in order to inhibit infection by HPV. In aparticular embodiment, the composition further comprises carrageenan.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 includes logarithmic plots which show the percentage of virusreplication in the presence of GRFT (nM). Data in FIG. 1 A and FIG. 1 Bconfirm that GRFT has potent activity against HIV. Data in FIG. 1 Cindicate that GRFT has moderate in vitro activity against HPV16, HPV18,and HPV45 pseudoviruses (PsV). In FIG. 1A, anti-HIV activity was testedin TZM-bl cells using the MAGI assay (R Begay O, et al. AIDS Researchand Human Retroviruses, 2011 Sep. 1; 27(9):1019-24) and the laboratorystrains HIV-1_(MN) (X4 virus) and HIV-1_(ADA-M) (RS virus). In FIG. 1B,anti-HIV activity was tested in PBMC (Trkola A, et al., J Virol. 1999November; 73(11):8966-74) using the laboratory strains HIV-1_(NL4-3). InFIG. 1C, anti-HPV activity was evaluated in HeLa cells using aluciferase reporter gene assay (Buck C B, et al. PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jul.1; 2(7):e69) and testing the antiviral activity against three differentHPV PsV types (16, 18 and 45). In FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, IC₅₀ values aredepicted as a vertical dotted line with the 95% confidence interval andwere calculated using a dose-response-inhibition analysis on GraphPadPrism v 5.0 software. All the non-toxic GRFT concentrations were testedin triplicates and are shown with the mean±SD.

FIG. 2 depicts bar graphs which illustrate that GRFT prevents HSV-2entry to target cells but does not prevent viral adsorption. FIG. 2Adepicts inhibition of virus adsorption. The plaque inhibition assay wasperformed as previously described. Ashley, R., Herpes simplex viruses,p375-395. In Schmidt N J, Emmons R W (ed), Diagnostic procedures forviral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections, 7th ed. American PublicHealth Association, Washington, D C. 1995. HSV-2 G strain and differentconcentrations of GRFT or media (virus control) were pre-incubated for0, 0.5, 1 and 2 h at 37° C. before adding to pre-chilled Vero cells andkept at 4° C. The monolayers were washed three times with cold mediabefore adding a methylcellulose overlay and incubated for 48 h at 37°C., 5% CO₂ and 98% humidity before fixing, staining and counting theplaque forming units (pfu). The % of virus replication was calculatedversus the virus control. FIG. 2B depicts inhibition of virus entry. Thesame assay was performed as in FIG. 2A but after the 2 h incubation at4° C., the cells were switched to 37° C., 5% CO₂ and 98% humidity for anadditional 2 h. The monolayers were treated for 2 minutes with citricacid buffer (pH=3.0) to inactivate any virus remaining on the cellsurface. The monolayers were washed three times with cold media beforeadding a methylcellulose overlay and incubated for 48 h at 37° C., 5%CO₂ and 98% humidity before fixing, staining and counting the plaqueforming units (pfu). The graph shows % of virus replication (mean±SD)relative to virus control (triplicates per condition).

FIG. 3 is a graph which depicts that a microbicidal compositioncomprising GZC significantly reduces HSV-2 infection in a stringentmouse model. Depo-treated Balb/C mice were challenged with 106 pfu HSV-21 (A) or 2 (B) hours after the indicated formulations (GZC=GRFT+ZA+CG;ZC=ZA+CG; GC=GRFT+CG and C=CG, i.e., a carrageenan gel) were applied(n=15-30/formulation). The percentages of uninfected animals over time,based on symptoms, are shown for each treatment group. Significantdifference between the combination formulations and C alone is indicatedby the asterisks (p<0.037). There was also significant differencebetween GZC vs. ZC (p=x) and GC vs. ZC (p=X) at 1 hour and between GZCvs. GC (p=X) and ZC vs. GC (p=X) at 2 h. The statistical analysis wasperformed using the Fisher's exact test.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

While the specification concludes with the claims particularly pointingand distinctly claiming the invention, it is believed that the presentinvention will be better understood from the following description.

All percentages and ratios used herein are by weight of the totalcomposition unless otherwise indicated herein. All measurements made areat 25° C. and normal pressure unless otherwise designated. Alltemperatures are in Degrees Celsius unless specified otherwise. Thepresent invention can comprise (open ended) or consist essentially ofthe components of the present invention as well as other ingredients orelements described herein. As used herein, “comprising” means theelements recited, or their equivalent in structure or function, plus anyother element or elements which are not recited. The terms “having” and“including” are also to be construed as open ended unless the contextsuggests otherwise.

All ranges recited herein include the endpoints, including those thatrecite a range “between” two values. Terms such as “about,” “generally,”“substantially,” and the like are to be construed as modifying a term orvalue such that it is not an absolute, but does not read on the priorart. Such terms will be defined by the circumstances and the terms thatthey modify as those terms are understood by those of skill in the art.This includes, at very least, the degree of expected experimental error,technique error and instrument error for a given technique used tomeasure a value.

Unless otherwise indicated, as used herein, “a” and “an” include theplural, such that, e.g., “a carrageenan” can mean at least onecarrageenan, as well as a plurality of carrageenans, i.e., more than onecarrageenan, including but not limited to, carrageenans of differenttypes.

Where used herein, the term “and/or” when used in a list of two or moreitems means that any one of the listed characteristics can be present,or any combination of two or more of the listed characteristics can bepresent. For example, if a composition is described as comprising agentsA, B, and/or C, the composition can comprise A feature alone; B alone; Calone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination; B and C incombination; or A, B, and C in combination.

All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in theentirety.

The anti-microbial effects of carrageenans and zinc metal, alone and incombination, e.g., in the form of zinc acetate/carrageenan gels, havebeen investigated. See, e.g., Fernandez-Romero, J. A., et al.,Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2012. 56(1): p. 358-68; Kenney,J., et al., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2013. 57(8): p.4001-9; and U.S. Pat. No. 8,367,098 all incorporated by referenceherein.

In addition, carbohydrate binding agents such as certain algal lectinshave been reported as having anti-HIV activity. The most potent of thesealgal lectins is said to be Griffithsin (GFRT) which has been reportedas having anti-viral activity against HIV, hepatitis C and SARS-relatedcorona virus. Huskens, D. and D. Schols, Marine drugs, 2012. 10(7): p.1476-97. GRFT has also recently been shown to have inhibitory effects onHSV-2. Nixon, B., et al., Journal of virology, 2013. 87(11): p. 6257-69.

Applicants have surprisingly and unexpectedly discovered that certainanti-microbial agents can be combined to produce anti-microbialcompositions with more potent and synergistic inhibitory effects.Specifically, as disclosed herein, Applicants have observed that theanti-HIV activity of GRFT is enhanced in combination with zinc acetate(ZA) showing a synergistic antiviral effect on HIV. Also, GRFT incombination with ZA and CG (GZC) have enhanced in vitro and in vivoanti-HSV-2 activity. In addition, Applicants have also discovered thatGRFT in combination with carrageenan produces a synergistic inhibitoryeffect on HPV.

As understood herein, the compositions of the instant invention may beformulated in a gel form such as provided herein in Example 1. As usedherein, a gel, e.g., a “carrageenan gel” refers to a relatively viscousform of composition which can be used to administer the antimicrobialagents in a manner which facilitates the delivery of the compositionwith minimal leakage upon delivery e.g., for intravaginal or rectaladministration. The compositions of the invention may be in otherphysical forms familiar to one of skill in the art, including but notlimited to solids, solutions, or dried or powdered forms which may beparticularly suitable depending on the contemplated dosage form. Thus,formulations other than gels are specifically contemplated herein, andmay be made according to conventional methods. For example, thecomponents of a composition comprising GFRT, carrageenan, and a watersoluble metal salt such as zinc acetate may be combined in solution tomake a composition or may be combined as a dried or powdered form by oneof skill in the art using conventional laboratory techniques

Applicants also report herein that GRFT alone can produce an inhibitoryeffect on HPV. To Applicants knowledge, this is the first time GRFT, alectin with reported antiviral activity against envelope viruses, hasbeen shown to have an antiviral activity against HPV, which is a nakedvirus.

As contemplated herein, the present invention includes anti-microbialcompositions which can comprise two or more different anti-microbialagents which in combination provide enhanced inhibitory effects. It isfurther contemplated that such microbicidal compositions may comprise atleast two different anti-microbial ingredients which can provide asynergistic effect on the anti-viral efficacy against one or more targetviruses including HIV, HSV-2, HPV and other STIs. As used herein,antimicrobial agents include anti-viral agents.

“Anti-viral agents” as referred to herein are familiar to one of skillin the art. As contemplated herein, such agents include but are notlimited to water soluble metal salts, including zinc metal salts,carrageenans and lectins. In addition, “anti-viral agents” include othercompounds familiar to one of skill in the art including, for example,various polymers such as naphthalene sulfonates and other sulfated orsulfonated polymers (McCormack S et al., Lancet, 2010 Oct. 16;376(9749):1329-37); dendrimers (Rupp R, et al., Int J Nanomedicine,2007; 2(4):561-6); and cellulose including analogues and derivativesthereof (Chaobo Huanga, et al., Biomaterials Volume 33, Issue 3, January2012, Pages 962-969).

As contemplated herein, suitable microbicidal agents for use in thecompositions of the instant invention (including but not limited toother anti-viral agents) are familiar to one of skill in the art. It isunderstood herein that these microbicidal agents include compounds whichcan be used against STIs including but not limited to HIV, i.e., theanti-microbials contemplated herein are not necessarily all anti-HIVmicrobicides. McCormack S et al., Lancet, 2010 Oct. 16;376(9749):1329-37.

In a particular embodiment, the composition comprises ZA formulated withcarrageenan in combination with GRFT or other lectin in order to producea composition which has broad and extremely potent activity against HIV,HSV-2, HPV, and potentially other STIs. In other particular embodimentsthe compositions may comprise GRFT in any combination with ZA and/or acarrageenan. It is also contemplated herein that the compositions maycomprise Griffithsin for use in the prevention of HPV infections.

As used herein, the term “Griffithsin” is used generically to refer to anatural Griffithsin or any related, functionally equivalent (i.e.,anti-viral) polypeptide or derivative thereof, including but not limitedto forms disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,088,729.

As used herein, “other STIs” are familiar to one of skill in the art andinclude, e.g., N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, bacterial vaginosis, T.vaginalis, Hepatitis B and others.

Without intending to be bound by any particular theory of operation, itis believed that employing microbicides delivering differentanti-microbial agents with different modes of action will likely providecompositions for more effective strategies for preventing and/ortreating a broader spectrum of microbial infections, includingconcurrent infections by more than one pathogen, and can provideenhanced and synergistic inhibitory effect against viruses such as HIVand other STIs when one or more antimicrobial agents are employed. Thus,different antimicrobials may be combined as disclosed herein to achievedifferent levels of antimicrobial protection, and which uponadministration in various dosage forms can be designed to last fordifferent periods of time. It is further contemplated herein that thecompositions of the present invention, being useful for preventing STIsincluding but not limited to HIV, will provide an anti-HIV preventionstrategy which may be more acceptable for use by individuals unwillingto identify or acknowledge themselves as potentially at risk of HIVinfection, and thus provide a benefit to public health worldwide.

As contemplated herein, in a particular embodiment, the anti-microbialcompositions of the present invention do not include any antiretroviraldrugs (ARVs). Thus, in the event that administration of a composition ofthe instant invention results in drug resistance, it will not beresistance against an ARV. As such, the compositions of the presentinvention are less likely to produce drug resistance that couldcompromise alternative promising treatments using ARVs. Thus, ascontemplated herein use of the compositions disclosed herein avoid theselection of HIV resistant strains (which sometimes occurs uponadministration of (ARVs)) and thus the compositions of the presentinvention provide an advantageous alternative for HIV prevention.

As contemplated herein, since the compositions of the instant inventioncan be used to treat concurrent infection by more than one microbe,ideally, they may be used without the need to first screen a subject forHIV. In addition, as contemplated herein, the compositions of thepresent invention may be formulated for over the counter (OTC)distribution. Thus, it is envisioned that the compositions will providean increase in the accessibility and affordability of these microbicidalcompositions, including anti-HIV compositions, and thus provide asignificant benefit to public health.

When present in compositions of the present invention, the carrageenanincludes a lambda carrageenan. To the extent that non-lambdacarrageenans are present (in which the case the carrageenan component ofthe compositions may be referred to as “the carrageenans” or the“carrageenans mixture”), the carrageenans mixture contains at leastabout 50% (and preferably at least 50%) of lambda carrageenan, based ontotal dry weight of the carrageenans in the composition. In morepreferred embodiments, the amount of lambda carrageenan is at leastabout 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% of the total dry weight of thecarrageenans (i.e., lambda and non-lambda carrageenans). Other preferredamounts are at least 75%, at least about 85%, at least about 95%, about85 to about 99%, and from about 94 to about 97% lambda carrageenan.Carrageenans suitable for use in the instant invention are availablefrom commercial vendors (e.g., Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.)

The remainder of the carrageenans in compositions of the presentinvention may include at least one non-lambda carrageenan. By“non-lambda carrageenan”, it is meant any carrageenan other than lambdacarrageenan, such as kappa-carrageenan, iota carrageenan, kappa-IIcarrageenan (which contains kappa and iota carrageenans), mucarrageenan, and nu carrageenan. Non-lambda carrageenans are alsoavailable commercially (e.g., Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) or may beextracted from seaweed in accordance with standard techniques. Inpreferred embodiments, the non-lambda carrageenans include kappacarrageenan, iota carrageenan, and kappa-II carrageenans, and mixturesof any two or more thereof. In more preferred embodiments, thenon-lambda carrageenan includes kappa-II carrageenan. In preferredembodiments, the non-lambda component of the carrageenans constitutesless than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or about 25% of the total dry weight ofthe carrageenans. In more preferred embodiments, the non-lambdacomponent is about less than about 25%, less than about 15%, less thanabout 5%, about 1 to about 15%, or about 3 to about 6% of the total dryweight of the carrageenans. In other preferred embodiments, thecarrageenan mixture is substantially or entirely free of dextrose, aningredient commonly found in carrageenans used in the food industry.

Compositions containing the lambda carrageenan or the carrageenans inamounts less than 1% or greater than 5% may be used, so long as thatthey provide an antimicrobial effect and retain pharmaceuticalacceptability, e.g., vaginal acceptability. By “vaginal acceptability”,it is meant that the rheological properties such as viscosity ofcomposition allow it to be used for its intended purpose (e.g., thecomposition maintains a viscosity so that it can be applied by the userand be retained in the vaginal vault, as well as providing aestheticproperties such as being substantially odorless, smoothness, clarity,colorlessness and tastelessness). The viscosity is selected so as toenable the composition to evenly coat the epithelial lining of thevaginal vault. In general, the viscosity of the compositions is about10,000 to about 50,000 cP, preferably about 20,000 to about 50,000 cP,and more preferably about 30,000 to about 50,000 cP.

Carrageenan is a polysaccharide consisting of repeating D-galactose and3,6-anhydro D-galactose units arranged in a linear fashion. The polymeris highly sulfated having three SO₃ groups per each disaccharide unitCarrageenan has a continuum of molecular weights. In general, thecarrageenan mixtures for use in the compositions of the presentinvention may have a molecular weight of up to about 2×10⁶ daltons withless than about 1% of carrageenan molecules having an average molecularweight of 1×10⁵ daltons (as determined by gas permeation chromatographyand light scattering). More particularly, a lambda carrageenan in theinvention has a weight average molecular weight of about 600,000 toabout 1,200,000 daltons. This physical property impartsnon-absorbability to the final formulation that in turn providesprolonged anti-microbial activity.

The carrageenans of the present invention can provide several otherbenefits. They remain stable if exposed to freezing, ambient, or boilingtemperatures. The mixture is compatible with the human vaginalenvironment. Without intending to be bound by any particular theory ofoperation, it is believed that the carrageenans are compatible with thehuman vaginal environment and do not act as a substrate or otherwisecause or stimulate growth of natural vaginal flora, nor are they toxicso as to disrupt the natural floral balance in the vagina. Aside fromthe properties attributable to the carrageenans of the presentinvention, their antimicrobial activity extends over a period of timebecause they are not systemically absorbed or degraded to any absorbableby-products detrimental to humans.

As discussed above, Applicants have previously reported the antiviraleffects of a complex between a water-soluble metal salt and thecarrageenans. Such complexes of metal salt and carrageenans may beemployed in the compositions of the present invention in combinationwith one or more lectins. In preferred embodiments, the metal salt is azinc salt (and the antimicrobial composition may be referred to as “zinccarrageenate”).

Zinc is an inhibitor of such sexually transmitted pathogens as HIV andHSV-2. Zinc acetate and zinc sulfate have been shown to inhibit HIVinfection in cell culture, and HSV-2 in both cell culture and laboratoryanimals. Zinc salts have been shown to be effective in blockinginfection by HIV in vitro (Haraguchi, Y., et al. Antiviral Res 43,123-133 (1999) and also blocking infection by foot-and-mouth virus,human rhinovirus, influenza A and B, semliki forest virus and sindbisvirus (Sergio, W. Medical Hypotheses 26, 253 (1988)). Haraguchi, et al.found that zinc chloride, cadmium acetate and mercury chloride inhibitedHIV-1 production as assayed by p24 ELISA and RT. Zinc chloride did notexhibit significant cytotoxicity when present in concentrations of up to550 μg/mL. Additionally, Fenstermacher and DeStefano have proposed thatzinc form a highly stable HIV reverse transcriptase-(primer-template)complex with profoundly diminished catalytic activity. Fenstermacher KJ, Destefano J J. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2011 Nov. 18;286(47):40433-42.

Thus, in addition to being used in combination with carrageenans andlectins, it is also contemplated herein that water-soluble zinc saltsmay be used in combination with one or more lectins in the compositionsof the instant invention. Specifically, a composition comprising GFRTand zinc acetate may be used in combination to enhance the anti-HIVpotency of GFRT.

Zinc salts useful in the present invention include both inorganic saltsand organic salts that exhibit anti-microbial properties without causingunacceptable irritation when used in accordance with the presentinvention. Possible water-soluble zinc salts for use with the instantinvention include zinc acetate, zinc propionate, zinc butyrate, zincformate, zinc gluconate, zinc glycerate, zinc glycolate, zinc lactate,zinc sulfate, zinc chloride, and zinc bromide. Use of ZnSO₄, ZnCl₂,ZnBr₂, Zn(Ac)₂, etc. are also contemplated herein. Copper and silvercounterpart salts are also useful in the present invention provided thatthey are non-irritating in vivo and do not cause degradation to anyabsorbable by-products detrimental to humans. As contemplated herein,the compositions of the instant invention may include between about0.03% and 1.5% of water-soluble metal salts, and particularly from about0.3% to 1.0% by weight of the total weight of the composition.

Complexes of carrageenan and a zinc metal, and particularly zinc acetatefor use in the present invention may be prepared according to methodsdisclosed in the prior art, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No.8,367,098. See also Fernandez-Romero J A, et al. Antimicrobial Agentsand Chemotherapy. 2012 January; 56(1):358-68; Kenney, J., et al.,Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2013. 57(8): p. 4001-9, allincorporated by reference herein. Briefly, such complexes may beprepared by standard processes whereby the metal ions replace cationsthat are naturally present on the backbone of the polysaccharide. Forexample, zinc carrageenan (which refers to a complex between zinccations and the carrageenans of the present invention) is a compoundsynthesized by a procedure whereby zinc is non-covalently attached tothe sulfate groups of the carrageenans. Kenney, J., et al.,Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2013. 57(8): p. 4001-9.

The above procedures generate a compound which is water soluble andactive against enveloped viruses such as HIV and HSV-2 or naked viruseslike HPV. Unlike inorganic or simple organic zinc salts, zinccarrageenan maintains the preferred rheological properties and possessesa high molecular weight (up to 2,000,000 Da) making it amenable to beformulated into a vaginal or rectal product, which is non-irritating andnot absorbed. The composition may be referred to as a “complex” due tothe presence of molecular interactions between the metal and thecarrageenans that disfavor or discourage its dissociation to free metalcations. The present complexes of a metal salt and a negatively chargedsulfated-polysaccharide complex are distinct from mixtures ofwater-soluble metal salts and carrageenans in terms of their physical,chemical and/or anti-microbial properties.

As disclosed herein, the addition of one or more lectins to acombination of a water soluble zinc metal salt and carrageenans; or acombination of a lectin with either a zinc metal salt or withcarrageenans can provide compositions with enhanced anti-viral potency.Lectins suitable for use in the compositions of the instant inventioninclude but are not limited to Griffithsin, Cyanovirin, Scytovirin,Actinohivin and other antiviral lectin proteins. See e.g., Brichacek B,et al., In Vivo Evaluation of Safety and Toxicity of a Lactobacillusjensenii Producing Modified Cyanovirin-N in a Rhesus Macaque VaginalChallenge Model. Bereswill S, editor. PLoS ONE. 2013 Nov. 12;8(11):e78817; Takebe Y, et al. Antiviral Lectins from Red and Blue-GreenAlgae Show Potent In Vitro and In Vivo Activity against Hepatitis CVirus. Choi J, editor. PLoS ONE. 2013 May 21; 8(5):e64449; Tanaka H, etal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009 Sep. 15;106(37):15633-8; and O'Keefe, B. R., et al., Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009. 106(15): p.6099-104.

Most particularly, Applicants have discovered that the addition of GFRTto compositions of carrageenan and compositions of zinc acetate (aloneor in combination) can provide unexpected and synergistic anti-viralactivity. Specifically, as provided in the below examples, the anti-HIVactivity of GFRT is profoundly enhanced in the presence of zinc acetate.Also, the inhibitory activity of carrageenan on HPV, as well as theinhibitory effect of the combination of carrageenans and zinc acetate onHSV-2, are synergistically enhanced in the presence of GFRT.

Thus, as contemplated herein, the antimicrobial compositions of thepresent invention may particularly comprise one or more lectins incombination with one or more of a zinc metal and a carrageenan. Theseanti-microbial agents may be used in the various combinations recitedherein to provide microbicidal compositions with enhanced andsynergistic anti-microbial activity. Such compositions may be madeaccording to conventional methods. For example, the additional agents,e.g., GFRT and/or ZA may be in admixture and/or associated with thecarrageenans such as in the form of a complex. For example, thecarrageenans may be in the form of a complex with a zinc metal such asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,367,098.

The combination of the carrageenans, the water soluble metal salts, andthe lectins contemplated herein preferably include the carrageenansdiscussed above, including lambda carrageenan in amounts of at leastabout 50% by dry weight of the carrageenans with the remainder of thecarrageenans being at least one non-lambda carrageenan, and mostpreferably a combination of 95% lambda carrageenan and 5% kappacarrageenan, with the overall composition in the form of a gel includingbetween 1% and 5% carrageenan, preferably about 3% carrageenan; thecompositions include the water-soluble metal salts preferably comprisingzinc salts, most preferably in the form of zinc acetate or zinc lactate,including from about 0.1 wt. % and 1.5 wt. % of the metal, such as zinc,in the overall composition, most preferably about 0.3 wt. % thereof; andmay further include one or more lectins. In a particular embodiment, theamount of lectins may be from between about 0.01 to 1%, and particularlyfrom between about 0.05% to 0.2%, of the total weight of thecomposition. As contemplated herein, the lectin, e.g., GRFT, may bepresent in a composition such that it is 0.1% of the total weight of thecomposition.

As contemplated herein, an “effective amount” of an “antimicrobialagent” is an amount sufficient to inhibit the infectivity of one or moremicrobial infections in a subject in need thereof. As understood by oneof skill in the art, however, the effective amount of the antimicrobialagent, or the actual weight percentage of such agent used in thecompositions, can vary depending upon a variety of factors, includingfor example, the actual antimicrobial activity of the lectins and otherantimicrobial agents in the composition towards the target microbes tobe treated. Such activity can be determined according to conventionalmethods and the amount of active agents formulated accordingly. Forexample, anti-viral activity of a substance may be measured according tothe methods described herein in FIG. 1 and Table 2. Other factors forconsideration in determining a dosage amount of an active antimicrobialagent are familiar to one of skill in the art and include the actualdosage form and manner of delivery of a pharmaceutical composition,e.g., whether the dosage form is intended for extended release.

It is understood herein that the individual active antimicrobials in acomposition, e.g., anti-viral components which make up the antimicrobialagent of the compositions of the instant invention each may be presentin the composition in an amount sufficient to produce a microbicidal,e.g., anti-viral effect upon administration of the composition to asubject in need thereof. As described herein, and detailed in the belowexamples, enhanced and synergistic microbicidal effects can be achievedupon combination of certain anti-viral agents.

Thus, as discussed above, in order to provide an antimicrobial effect,the lambda carrageenan or the carrageenans are generally present inamounts of about 1 to about 5%, based on total weight of thecomposition. When included in a composition of the present invention, inpreferred embodiments, the carrageenans are present in amount of about3% by total weight of the composition. However, such amounts, as well asthe amount of lectin, metal salts, and other agents may vary and bedetermined by one of skill in the art using conventional methods.

By “antimicrobial” or “antimicrobial effect”, it is meant that thecomposition inhibits or reduces the likelihood of transmission of asexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterium, protozoan, virus,or another microbe. The compositions of the present invention are usefulin protection against sexually transmitted infections e.g., byinhibiting infection by HIV, HPV and HSV-2. On the other hand, the terms“antimicrobial” and “antimicrobial effect” are not meant to convey,imply or be limited to any particular means by which the inhibition oftransmission of the infection is accomplished.

Applicant has also surprisingly discovered that GFRT has anti-viraleffects on HPV. Thus, compositions comprising GFRT alone or incombination with other anti-microbial and pharmaceutical agents, as wellas methods to treat HPV infections in a subject in need thereof byadministering such compositions, are included in the present invention.The effective amount of GFRT in such compositions and dosage forms maybe determined by one of skill in the art according to conventionalmethods, e.g. as discussed herein.

One of skill in the art will recognize that any one or more of themicrobicidal compositions disclosed herein may also have inhibitoryeffect on other STIs, and thus administration of these compositions to asubject in need thereof may be used concurrently to treat or preventinfections by other STIs as part of a multipurpose prevention technologyand thus achieve a public health benefit.

Thus, it is contemplated herein that the antimicrobial compositions ofthe present invention may be administered to a subject, such as a human,in order to treat or prevent a microbial infection, including but notlimited to a viral infection, e.g., by inhibiting the growth orreplication of a microbe. Viruses of particular interest for treatmentand prevention include, but are not limited to various strains of HIV,HPV, HSV, including HSV-2.

As used herein, a subject in need thereof includes humans who are atrisk of microbial, e.g. viral infection or who are already infected. Asparticularly contemplated herein, risk of microbial infection includesrisk of viral infection and includes but is not limited to risk ofinfection by sexual transmission. As used herein, the term “treatment”of a subject is familiar to one of skill in the art and encompasses areduction in the symptoms and/or pathogen shedding in an alreadyinfected individual. Such reduction may be associated with a decrease inthe likelihood of transmission of the pathogen to another individual,and also a reduction in the likelihood of the treated subject acquiringanother microbial infection, e.g., HIV. For example, it has beenobserved that an individual with a herpes infection has an increasedpropensity of acquiring HIV infection. Thus, it is believed thattreatment of an STI according to the methods of the present inventionwill have the related benefit of making a patient less susceptible toother infections e.g., HIV.

As used herein, the term “prevention” is understood to refer to aprophylactic treatment designed to reduce the likelihood of a microbialinfection, including but not limited to infection of a non-infected,susceptible individual through sexual transmission.

As used herein, “other STIs” are familiar to one of skill in the art andinclude, e.g., N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, bacterial vaginosis, T.vaginalis, Hepatitis B and others.

In addition to the carrageenans, lectins, and metal salts discussedherein, other antimicrobial compounds can also be used in thecompositions of the present invention, including polymers such asnaphthalene sulfonates and other sulfated or sulfonated polymers(McCormack S et al., Lancet. 2010 Oct. 16; 376(9749):1329-37; dendrimers(Rupp R, et al., Int J Nanomedicine, 2007; 2(4):561-6; and cellulose,including cellulose analogues and derivatives thereof (Chaobo Huanga, etal., Biomaterials Volume 33, Issue 3, January 2012, Pages 962-969. Theseand other suitable antimicrobial agents, including but not limited toantiviral compounds suitable for use in the compositions of the instantinvention are familiar to one of skill in the art.

The compositions of the instant invention may be formulated to furthercontain other active agents and/or inert ingredients, depending upon theintended use (as described below). For example, pharmaceuticalformulations comprising one or more therapeutic agents including, e.g.,one or more active antimicrobial agents or other therapeutic agent ordrug in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are contemplated herein.Suitable carriers for use in the pharmaceutical compositions, andparticularly for use with vaginally and rectally acceptable dosage formsof the compositions contemplated herein, are familiar to one of skill inthe art and include, e.g., various commercially availablephysiologically acceptable vehicles, adjuvants, excipients, anddiluents.

Such compositions may be formulated for prescription as well as over thecounter use. As understood herein, an “over-the counter” pharmaceuticalcomposition (also known as “OTC” or nonprescription medicine), isfamiliar to one of skill in the art and refers to a medicine that can bebought without a prescription.

In particular embodiments, compositions of the present invention mayalso contain a vaginally administrable drug. Preferred drugs include,e.g., contraceptive agents, such as steroid hormones, e.g., thosedisclosed in Saleh, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,972,372 (“Saleh”), thedisclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Examples ofcontraceptive agents useful in the present invention include progestins,ACTH, androgens, estrogens, gonadotropin, human growth hormone,menotropins, progesterone, progestins (e.g., levonorgestrel,norethindrone, 3-keto-desogestrel and gestodene), progestogen,urofollitropin, vasopressin and combinations thereof. Preferred agentsinclude progestational compounds (e.g., norethindrone acetate andNESTORONE™ (“NES”). (i.e.,16-methylene-17.alpha.-acetoxy-19-norpregnene-3,20-dione)), andprogestins (e.g., levonorgestrel (LNG)).

A preferred contraceptive agent is Nestorone16-methylene-17α-acetoxy-19-norpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (hereinafter“NES”), which has been identified in the literature as “ST-1435”. Incomparative studies using the classic bioassay of measuringprogestational potency, NES was found to have progestational activity100 times higher than that of progesterone and 10 times higher than thatof levonorgestrel. Kumar, N., et al. Steroid 65, 629-636 (2000)).Therefore, smaller amounts of NES are required to achieve ovulationinhibition. This potency combined with a lack of androgenic, estrogenicand glucocorticoid-like (hepatic glycogen deposition) activity and thelack of effects on lipid or clinical chemistry parameters, conferspecial advantages for the use of NES in contraceptives. Kumar, N., etal. Steroid 65, 629-636 (2000); Odlind, V., et al. Contraception 31, 130(1985); Robins, A. & Bardin, C. Ann N Y Acad Sci 828, 38-46 (1997).However, NES has been shown to undergo rapid metabolism and inactivationupon oral administration making it suitable for use in nursing womenwhen given via implants or vaginal rings. Massai, R., et al. Steroid 65,703-707 (2000); Lahteenmaki P L A, et al. Contraception 42, 555-562(1990)). A preferred delivery dose of NES when combined with the K/2carrageenan mixture in gel form is between about 75 and about 100 μg perday, which will reach plasma levels of NES around 200 pmol/L and achievegood bleeding patterns during menses. Other preferred vaginallyadministrable drugs include agents for hormone replacement therapy suchas estrogenic substances (e.g., ethynylestradiol) and other steroidalcompounds.

Without intending to be bound by any particular theory of operation, itis believed that the carrageenans possess a dual function of impartingmicrobicidal properties while providing a release delivery system for acontraceptive agent or agent for hormone replacement therapy. Inaddition, it is believed that the carrageenans can impart microbicidalproperties while stabilizing protein emulsions. While they may be usedin the compositions in the form of a gel, the compositions describedherein are not limited to only comprising the use of carrageenan gels.Formulations for other delivery systems can be prepared, and thus thecompositions may be in any physical form suitable for delivery of theantimicrobial agents, including as a gel, or in solution, or as a solid,or in dried or powdered forms.

The composition may further contain a physiologically acceptable pHcontrolling agent suitable for use with the compositions disclosedherein. Suitable buffer agents may be determined by one of skill in theart using conventional methods. In a particular embodiment the buffer isan acetate buffer. In a further embodiment, the acetate buffer comprisesa mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate.

In a particular embodiment, the compositions may further comprise apreservative. In a particular embodiment the preservative is methylparaben. Other suitable preservatives include, e.g. alkyl esters ofpara-hydroxybenzoic acid, such as methyl paraoxybenzoate, propylparaoxybenzoate, hydantoin derivatives, parabens, such as methylparaben, propioniate salts, triclosan tricarbanilide, tea tree oil,alcohols, farnesol, farnesol acetate, hexachlorophene and quaternaryammonium salts, such as benzolconjure, zinc and aluminum salts, sodiumbenzoate, benzyl alcohol, benzalkonium chloride and chlorobutanol. Ingeneral, the preservative is present in an amount up to about 0.3% basedon the total weight of the composition.

In addition to inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that may beintroduced inadvertently during manufacturing, the preservative canprevent any deleterious effects that might occur to the active agents inthe composition due to the presence of normal body flora once thecomposition is introduced into the body. This will prolong the length oftime that the active agents in the composition remain active. Thecompositions include from about 5 mM to about 25 mM of thepH-controlling agent and 0.1% to 0.3% preservative.

The compositions of the present invention may be administered in variousdosage forms familiar to one of skill in the art as contemplatedaccording to the methods of the present invention. Thus, it isunderstood herein that the pharmaceutical formulations of theantimicrobial compositions of the present invention include conventionalformulations suitable for use with dosage forms and routes ofadministration appropriate for treatment using the antimicrobial agentsdisclosed herein. Such formulations can include, e.g., liquid solutions,liquid suspensions, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, aerosols, andtransdermal patches comprising an effective amount of one or moreantimicrobial agents for oral, nasal, and/or topical administration.Thus, it is contemplated herein that the compositions may beadministered to treat or prevent a systemic infection. However, ascontemplated herein, in particular embodiments, the pharmaceuticalformulations and compositions of the present invention are intended forvaginal and/or rectal administration to prevent or treat infection.

Such compositions may be suitably formulated e.g., into gels, creams,foams, films, tablets and suppositories, intravaginal rings,intrauterine devices or systems and nanofibers by one of skill in theart in accordance with standard techniques in the pharmaceuticalindustry.

As contemplated herein, the methods of the present invention compriseadministering the compositions disclosed herein according to a mode andfrequency of administration designed by one of skill in the art toachieve administration of a therapeutic dosage in an amount and over aperiod of time that is best suited to prevent or treat a microbialinfection in a subject in need thereof. Such administration may be,e.g., for immediate or extended release.

The following examples are intended to further illustrate certainembodiments of the invention and are not intended to limit the inventionin any way. Conventional methods and commercially available reagents areutilized in the experiments described herein below, with the exceptionof GFRT which was kindly provided by B. O'Keefe (Molecular TargetsDevelopment Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick,Md.).

Example 1. Production of a GZC Gel Formulation

A method for the preparation of a combination of carrageenans+zincacetate suitable for use in the instant invention has been previouslydescribed, and is summarized hereinbelow. See, e.g., Kenney J, et al.Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2013 Jul. 15; 57(8):4001-9.

Production of carrageenan: For step 1, a 4-liter double planetary mixer(Charles Ross & Son, Hauppauge, N.Y.) was charged with 2,829 g ofsterile filtered water and 3.923 g of sodium acetate trihydrate (Sigma).The solution was heated for 5 min at 69° C. with stirring at 40 rpm.Carrageenan (102 g, 3.4% final concentration) was added, and the mixturewas stirred for 3 h at 69° C. For step 2, after the formulation wascooled to 25° C., a solution of 6 g of methyl paraben (Spectrum,Gardena, Calif.)-60 ml of propylene glycol (Sigma) was added, and thesolution was stirred for an additional 1 h at 40 rpm. The formulation pHwas adjusted to 6.8, and the reaction volume was stirred for 15 minunder vacuum conditions to remove bubbles.

Production of Zinc Acetate/Carrageenan: For step 1, a protocol similarto that used to make Carrageenan was used to generate a combination ofzinc acetate/carrageenan with the following changes: 894 ml of 10 mMsodium acetate buffer (pH 6.4) was used. Carrageenan (31 g) was added toreach a final concentration of 3%. A solution of 3 g zinc acetatedihydrate-50 ml sodium acetate buffer was added, and the solution wasstirred for an additional 20 min at 40 rpm. A mixture of 2 g methylparaben-20 ml propylene glycol was used.

Methyl paraben content, zinc content, and physiochemical properties(osmolality, pH, simple viscosity) were determined using establishedmethods such as described in Fernandez-Romero J A et al., 2012,Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 56:358-368.

Stability studies. Aliquots (25 g) of gel were stored in 30-mlpolypropylene bottles (Qorpak, Bridgeville, Pa.) under the followingconditions: 30° C./65% relative humidity (RH), 40° C./75% RH, and 50°C./ambient humidity. Bottles were removed periodically, and the gel wasanalyzed for methyl paraben content, osmolality, pH, viscosity, and zinccontent, e.g., as described in Fernandez-Romero J A et al., 2012,Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 56:358-368.

Production of Griffithsin/Zinc Acetate/Carrageenan Formulation: Theprocedure for preparing a zinc acetate/carrageenan formulation providedabove are repeated as provided above with the addition of third stepwherein an aqueous solution of GRFT is added to the zincacetate/carrageenan formulation (O'Keefe, B. R., et al., Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009.106(15): p. 6099-104; U.S. Pat. No. 8,088,729) and mixed as in step 2for an additional 20 minutes at 40 rpm at 25 C.

Example 2. Activity of GRFT Against HIV and HPV in In Vitro Assays

The activity of GRFT against HIV was verified in standard in vitroassays. Briefly, GRFT was provided by Dr. Barry O'Keefe (NCI) and itsanti-HIV activity was tested in TZM-bl cells (NIH AIDS Research andReference Reagent Program) using the MAGI assay e.g., as described inBegay 0, et al. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2011 Sep. 1;27(9):1019-24 and the laboratory strains HIV-1_(MN) (X4 virus) andHIV-1_(ADA-M) (R5 virus); see FIG. 1A.

The laboratory strains HIV-1_(MN) (X4 virus) and HIV-1_(ADA-M) (R5virus) were provided by Dr. J. D. Lifson at the AIDS and Cancer VirusProgram, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Md.TZM-bl cells were treated with different non-toxic GRFT concentrationsimmediately before adding HIV-1 viruses (100-200 infectious units)followed by 72 h incubation before fixing and staining the cellmonolayers. The IC₅₀ values (showed in graph as a vertical dotted linewith the 95% confidence interval) were calculated using adose-response-inhibition analysis on GraphPad Prism v 5.0 software. Allthe non-toxic GRFT concentrations were tested in triplicates. Thegraphics show the mean±SD.

Anti-HIV activity was also tested in peripheral blood mononucleatedcells (PBMC) using the laboratory strains HIV-1_(NL4-3) according toconventional methods. See Trkola A, et al., J Virol. 1999 November;73(11):8966-74. Briefly, activated PBMCs (2×10⁶/ml) were treated withdifferent non-toxic concentrations of GRFT before adding 100 TCID₅₀ ofvirus followed by an overnight incubation. The supernatant was replacedwith fresh stimulation media on days 1 and 4 post infection. The p24level in the supernatant was tested on day 7 after infection using thep24 ELISA. The IC₅₀ values (showed in graph as a vertical dotted linewith the 95% confidence interval) were calculated using adose-response-inhibition analysis on GraphPad Prism v 5.0 software. Allthe non-toxic GRFT concentrations were tested in triplicates. See FIG.1B. The graphics show the mean±SD. Data from both assays confirmed thatGRFT possesses potent anti-HIV activity in vitro.

The activity of GRFT against HPV pseudoviruses was also investigated.Specifically, anti-viral activity of GRFT on HPV16, HPV18 and HPV45pseudovirus (PsV) activity was estimated using the Luciferase assay inHeLa cells (Buck C B, et al. PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jul. 1; 2(7):e69.) Inthis experiment, Hela cells were treated with different non-toxic GRFTconcentrations immediately before adding HPV16, HPV 18 or HPV45 PsV (anamount of virus that produce ˜300-700 relative luminescent units)followed by 72 h incubation. The luciferase assay was performed toobtain a dose-response curve shown in FIG. 1C. The IC₅₀ values (showedin graph as a vertical dotted line with the 95% confidence interval)were calculated using a dose-response-inhibition analysis on GraphPadPrism v 5.0 software. All the non-toxic GRFT concentrations were testedin triplicates. The graphics show the mean±SD. The data indicate thatGRFT has moderate in vitro activity against HPV16, 18, and 45 PsVs.

Example 3. GRFT Combination with ZA and C Results in Anti-HIV andAnti-HPV Synergy

The anti-HIV and anti-HPV activity of GRFT in combination with zincacetate (ZA) and carrageenan (C) was tested according to the methodsdescribed above. Briefly, in order to test anti-HIV activity, activatedPBMCs were treated with varying equipotent doses (based on IC₅₀ of eachAPI) of GRFT, ZA or GRFT+ZA at 37° C. 1 h prior to exposure to 100TCID₅₀ of HIV-1_(92BR014) in the presence of the same doses of eachcompound or combination (triplicates). Medium-treated (virus only) cellswere included as a control. Eighteen hours later the cells were washedand plated in the presence of medium with IL-2 (with the only exceptionof those samples treated with ZA, where ZA was replaced). This step wasrepeated on day 4 and the supernatants collected on day 7 to measuredHIV-1 p24 levels by ELISA. In order to assay for anti-HPV activity, HeLacells were treated with varying equipotent doses of GRFT, C or GRFT+C(based on IC₅₀ of each API) at 37° C. and immediately exposed to HPV16PsV (triplicates). Medium-treated (virus only) cells were included as acontrol. The luciferase assay was performed 72 h after infection.Combination indexes (CI) were estimated using the Chou-Talalay method(Chou, T. C. Pharmacological Reviews, 2006, 58(3): p. 621-81) with theCacusyn for Windows software (Biosoft, Cambridge, United Kingdom).Results are provided in Table 1. As provided therein, “CI” refers to aquantitative measure of the degree of drug interaction as follows:additive effect (CI=1); synergism (CI <1), or antagonism (CI >1). “Dm”refers to the median-effect dose (IC₅₀); “m” refers to a measurement ofthe sigmoidicity of the dose-effect curve, and also represents the slopeof the median-effect plot; and “r” refers to the linear correlationcoefficient of the median-effect plot. As used therein, % IC₅₀reduction=1−[IC₅₀ combination/IC₅₀ GRFT]*100. ¶ % IC₅₀ reduction valuesare based on API with bold font. N/A=Not applicable.

Data provided in Table 1 indicate that there is a surprising synergybetween ZA and GRFT against HIV and also between C and GRFT againstHPV16 PsV (Table 1; CI values less than 1). In addition, importantly, noevidence of antagonism between GRFT and C or ZA is seen.

TABLE 1 GRFT combination with ZA and CG results in anti-HIV and anti-HPVsynergy. Drug CI % IC₅₀ (μM) ED₅₀ ED₇₅ ED₉₀ Dm m r reduction^(¶)Anti-HIV combination activity{circumflex over ( )} GRFT N/A N/A N/A0.0004 2.784 0.958 N/A ZA N/A N/A N/A 48.3 2.655 0.945 N/A GRFT + ZA0.500 0.494 0.489 0.0002 2.866 0.827 50   Anti-HPV combination activity*C N/A N/A N/A 0.052 1.058 0.966 N/A GRFT N/A N/A N/A 32.7 1.029 0.878N/A C + GRFT 0.523 0.548 0.575 0.010 0.995 0.964 80.8

Example 4. GRFT Prevents HSV-2 Entry to Target Cells but not ViralAdsorption

A recent study from Nixon et al. (Nixon, B., et al., Journal ofvirology, 2013. 87(11): p. 6257-69) showed that GRFT blocks HSV-2infection in vitro and in vivo and proposed the inhibition of the viruscell-to-cell spread as the mode of action. We have performed experimentsin Vero cells that suggest an inhibition of HSV-2 entry but notadsorption to target cells. For inhibition of virus adsorption, theplaque inhibition assay was performed as previously described. Ashley,R., Herpes simplex viruses, p375-395. In Schmidt N J, Emmons R W (ed),Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections,7th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D C. 1995.Briefly, HSV-2 G strain and different concentrations of GRFT or media(virus control) were pre-incubated for 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 h at 37° C.before adding to pre-chilled Vero cells and kept at 4° C. The monolayerswere washed three times with cold media before adding a methylcelluloseoverlay and incubated for 48 h at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and 98% humidity beforefixing, staining and counting the plaque forming units (pfu). The % ofvirus replication was calculated versus the virus control. See FIG. 2 A.Inhibition of virus entry was also assayed. Briefly, the same assay wasperformed as in the adsorption study described above and in FIG. 2A,however, after the 2 h incubation at 4° C., the cells were switched to37° C., 5% CO₂ and 98% humidity for an additional 2 h. The monolayerswere treated for 2 minutes with citric acid buffer (pH=3.0) toinactivate any virus remaining on the cell surface. The monolayers werewashed three times with cold media before adding a methylcelluloseoverlay and incubated for 48 h at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and 98% humidity beforefixing, staining and counting the plaque forming units (pfu). The graphdepicted in FIG. 2 B shows % of virus replication (mean±SD) relative tovirus control (triplicates per condition).

Example 5. GRFT/ZA/C Combinations Increase the Antiviral ActivityAgainst HSV-2

We previously reported that the combination of ZA and CG results in apotent antiviral synergy against HSV-2. Fernandez-Romero, J. A., et al.,Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2012. 56(1): p. 358-68. Morerecently we explored the compatibility of GRFT, ZA and C at the level ofin vitro anti-HSV-2 activity and have found that there is a profoundreduction of IC₅₀ values when two or three of these compounds arecombined. Briefly, HSV-2 G strain and different concentrations of eachcompound or their combinations (based on equipotency IC₅₀ ratios) werepre-incubated at 37° C. and added to Vero cells followed by a 6 dayincubation at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and 98% humidity. A dye-uptake PrestoBlueassay was performed to test antiviral activity. Relative fluorescentunits (RFU) were measured at 570 nm for excitation and 600 nm foremission. The % of virus replication was calculated using the followingformula: % Virusreplication=[(O.D_(cell control)−O.D_(compound))/(O.D_(cell control)−O.D_(virus control))]*100.IC₅₀ values were calculated using a dose-response-inhibition analysis onGraphPad Prism v 5.0 software. Data are provided herein below in Table2. As provided therein, ¶ IC₅₀ or % IC₅₀ reduction values are based onAPI with bold font; NA=Not applicable.

TABLE 2 GRFT/ZA/C combinations increase the antiviral activity againstHSV-2. _API % IC₅₀ combinations IC₅₀ ^(¶) (95% confidence interval)reduction^(¶) GRFT 19 μg/ml (16.1 to 22.4) N/A ZA 58.2 μg/ml (43.0 to78.8) N/A C 11.5 ng/ml (9.7 to 13.6) N/A C + GRFT 3.4 ng/ml (2.3 to 4.9)70.4 C + ZA 1.9 ng/ml (1.6 to 2.4) 83.5 GRFT + ZA 2.5 μg/ml (2.2 to 2.9)86.9 C + GRFT + ZA 1.7 ng/ml (1.2 to 2.2) 85.2

Example 6. GZC Significantly Reduces HSV-2 Infection in a StringentMouse Model

In order to determine if the GZC combination was effective against HSV-2in vivo, we used the highly stringent model in which DepoProvera treatedmice are treated with zinc acetate/carrageenan gels 1 or 2 hours priorto vaginal challenge with 10⁶ pfu HSV-2. Fernandez-Romero J A, et al.Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2012 January; 56(1):358-68.

Briefly, Depo-treated Balb/C mice were challenged with 10⁶ pfu HSV-2 1(FIG. 3A) or 2 (FIG. 3B) hours after the indicated formulations(GZC=GRFT+ZA+C; ZC=ZA+C; GC=GRFT+C and where C in this example refers toa carrageen. All the formulation in this example were applied as gelformulations (n=15-30/formulation). The percentages of uninfectedanimals over time, based on symptoms, were recorded and are shown foreach treatment group in FIG. 3. Significant difference between thecombination formulations and C alone is indicated by the asterisks (p<0.037). The statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher's exacttest. Using this approach, we found that a composition comprising 0.1%GRFT, 0.3% ZA and 3% CG gel (GZC) significantly reduced HSV-2 infection(relative to the CG control; FIG. 3). Notably, the infection frequencyin GZC-treated mice was lower than that seen in the GC or ZC groups.

Although the invention herein has been described with reference toparticular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodimentsare merely illustrative of the principles and applications of thepresent invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerousmodifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that otherarrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scopeof the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

1-25. (canceled)
 26. An antimicrobial composition comprising: aneffective amount of Griffithsin and an effective amount of carrageenan.27. The antimicrobial composition of claim 26, further comprising aphysiologically acceptable pH controlling agent.
 28. The antimicrobialcomposition of claim 27, further comprising a physiologically acceptablepreservative.
 29. A method of inhibiting HIV in a subject in needthereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount ofthe anti-microbial composition of claim
 26. 30. A method of inhibitingHPV or HSV-2 in a subject in need thereof comprising administering tothe subject an effective amount of the anti-microbial composition ofclaim
 26. 31. The antimicrobial composition of claim 26, furthercomprising at least one excipient.
 32. The antimicrobial composition ofclaim 26, further comprising at least one contraceptive agent.
 33. Theantimicrobial composition of claim 32, wherein said at least onecontraceptive agent includes a spermicide.
 34. The antimicrobialcomposition of claim 33, wherein said spermicide comprises zinc acetate.35. A vaginal or rectal suppository comprising: an antimicrobialcomposition comprising: an effective amount of Griffithsin and aneffective amount of carrageenan.
 36. The suppository of claim 35,further comprising one or more additional anti-microbial agents.
 37. Thesuppository of claim 35, further comprising at least one excipient. 38.The suppository of claim 35, wherein said antimicrobial compositionfurther comprises at least one contraceptive agent.
 39. The suppositoryof claim 38, wherein said at least one contraceptive agent includes aspermicide.
 40. The suppository of claim 39, wherein said spermicidecomprises zinc acetate.
 41. The suppository of claim 36, wherein saidantimicrobial composition further comprises at least one contraceptiveagent.
 42. The suppository of claim 41, wherein said at least onecontraceptive agent includes a spermicide.
 43. The suppository of claim42, wherein said spermicide comprises zinc acetate.
 44. A method ofinhibiting HIV, HPV, or HSV-2 in a subject in need thereof comprising:administering a vaginal or rectal suppository to the subject, whereinthe suppository comprises an effective amount of Griffithsin and aneffective amount of carrageenan.